International Journal of Formal Education

Causes and Social Origins of Alienation

Oripova Mokhidil Odilovna — 2025-12-02

This study provides comprehensive analysis of causal factors and social origins underlying the alienation occurrence in present-day society. The investigation systematically examines economic, socio-cultural, and psychological determinants of estrangement. Additionally, the research identifies distinctive characteristics of alienation within Uzbek society and outlines pathways for its elimination.

Objective and Subjective Determinants of Human Estrangement in Digital Society

Oripova Mokhidil Odilovna — 2025-12-02

This paper thoroughly explores how the human estrangement issue gains progressively critical relevance within today's digitalized society. Analysis encompasses both objective and subjective determinants of estrangement processes that materialize through digital technology advancement and information infrastructure evolution. Moreover, this investigation examines transformations within information society's social architecture, virtual interaction patterns and their influence upon human personality in Uzbek society, alongside presenting resolution pathways.

Socio-Psychological Characteristics of Career Aspirations in Women’s Professional Activity

Nasirova Zilolakhon Marat Kizi — 2025-12-03

This article explores the socio-psychological characteristics that influence women's career aspirations within their professional activities. It examines the internal and external factors shaping women's motivation, attitudes, and behaviors towards career advancement. The study highlights the role of social expectations, gender norms, self-efficacy, and workplace environment in shaping career goals and professional development. Additionally, the research discusses challenges faced by women in balancing professional ambitions with personal responsibilities. Understanding these socio-psychological aspects is essential for developing effective policies and support systems that promote gender equality and enhance women's participation in various professional fields.

Программно-Методическое Обеспечение Образовательного Процесса В Развитии Профессиональных Компетенций Будущих Учителей Географии

Эркинов Рамзиддин Тулкинович — 2025-12-03

в сфере образования от будущих учителей географии требуются не только знания, но и такие навыки, как умение пользоваться современными технологиями, проводить интерактивные занятия, уметь эффективно общаться с учащимися. Учитель, преподающий географию, должен обладать более широкими знаниями и квалификацией в этом отношении, поскольку география включает в себя множество областей, таких как природа, человек, экономика и технологии. В связи с этим дана информация о том, что электронно-программное и методическое обеспечение образовательного процесса приобретает особое значение в развитии профессиональных компетенций будущих учителей географии.

Цветовая Палитра Медицинской Терминологии Русского И Узбекского Языков

Абдуллаева Розанна Мирзатуллаевна — 2025-12-03

В данной статье исследуются особенности использования цветовых обозначений в медицинской терминологии русского и узбекского языков. Рассматриваются различия в семантической интерпретации цветов, влияние культурных традиций на их восприятие и роль цветовой палитры в диагностике и медицинской коммуникации. Приведен сравнительный анализ лексем, связанных с основными цветами (белый, красный, синий, желтый, черный), а также выявлены различия в их формальном и народном употреблении. Отдельное внимание уделено тому, как заимствования из латинского и греческого языков повлияли на терминологическую систему русского языка, в то время как в узбекской медицинской лексике прослеживается тесная связь с национальными представлениями о болезнях и их симптомах.

Рождение Экономической Промышленности В Русском Туркестане (1870-Е – 1914 Гг.)

Абдумуталова Муниса Пулат кизи — 2025-12-03

В Туркестане имперское правительство стремилось реализовать ряд промышленных проектов. В достижении этой цели эффективно использовалось переселенческое население. Хотя имперское правительство и не ставило целью улучшение занятости или экономического развития региона за счёт переселённых людей, сотни тысяч человек были привлечены к труду в сферах производства, строительства, горнодобычи, переработки хлопка, сфере услуг, а особенно в железнодорожной отрасли. Это, в свою очередь, обеспечило занятость переселённого населения в регионе. Также это привело к формированию городского рабочего класса в городах и промышленных районах. Однако появление производства, фабрик и заводов не решило проблему безработицы среди переселенцев, как и не устранило существующие социальные проблемы в их жизни.

Equity and Accessibility in Education Systems: A Global Perspective on Sdg 4 Implementation

Markhabo Abdullayeva — 2025-12-03

This article examines issues of equity and inclusiveness in education within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). It provides a comparative overview of global practices aimed at ensuring equal access to quality education and evaluates current reforms in Uzbekistan’s higher education system, focusing specifically on the case of the Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies. The study analyzes key factors influencing educational accessibility, including infrastructure development, the availability of digital resources, the inclusion of students with disabilities, gender equality, and socio-economic barriers. The findings indicate notable progress in the university’s efforts to align with SDG 4 targets, particularly in expanding access and improving learning conditions. However, several systemic challenges remain that require policy attention and further institutional strengthening. The article concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing equity and accessibility in Uzbekistan’s higher education system, informed by successful international experiences.

Стратегический Анализ Финансовой Устойчивости И Эффективности Деятельности Энергетического Предприятия

Собирова Дилноза Мавлонбек кизи — 2025-12-03

Статья посвящена стратегическому анализу финансовой устойчивости и эффективности деятельности энергетического предприятия В работе рассматриваются основные показатели финансовой устойчивости и эффективности деятельности анализ доходов и расходов расчет валовой операционной и чистой прибыли а также оценка рентабельности предприятия проведен SWOT анализ выявлены сильные и слабые стороны компании предложены рекомендации по повышению доходности и оптимизации расходов Статья может быть полезна специалистам в области бухгалтерского учета финансового анализа и стратегического управления энергетическими предприятиями.

O'zbekistonda Kichik Biznes Va Tadbirkorlikni Rivojlantirish Istiqbollari

Israilova Shoira Turg'unovna — 2025-12-03

Maqola O‘zbekistonda kichik biznes va tadbirkorlikni rivojlantirish istiqbollarini tahlil qiladi. Tadqiqotda mamlakatning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy sharoiti, kichik biznes sub’yektlarining faoliyati, davlat tomonidan yaratilayotgan qo‘llab-quvvatlash mexanizmlari va mavjud muammolar o‘rganilgan. Analiz natijalari shuni ko‘rsatadiki, kichik va o‘rta biznesni rivojlantirish iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta’minlash, yangi ish o‘rinlari yaratish va innovatsion faoliyatni rag‘batlantirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Shu bilan birga, moliyaviy resurslar, ta’lim va malaka, huquqiy bazaning murakkabligi kabi omillar tadbirkorlik rivojlanishining asosiy cheklovchi faktorlaridan biri sifatida aniqlangan.

Improving Educational Upbringing Activities through a Technological Approach

Umarova Malika Khisabidinovna — 2025-12-03

This article examines the possibilities of improving educational activities through a technological approach, emphasizing the integration of modern pedagogical technologies into the upbringing process. The study highlights how digital tools, interactive methods, and technology-enhanced learning environments contribute to the effectiveness, accessibility, and motivation levels of learners. The research also identifies challenges educators face in implementing technology-based strategies and proposes methodological solutions to optimize pedagogical outcomes. Findings indicate that systematic technological integration not only enhances the quality of educational activities but also supports learners’ cognitive, social, and emotional development.

Cultivating Environmental Safety Culture: International Issues and Teaching Strategies

Mukhtarova Lobar Abdimannabovna — 2025-12-03

In the current phase of global development, ensuring an environmentally safe environment for humanity has become one of the most pressing priorities. Growing environmental pollution and the disturbance of the “Nature–Society–Human” system necessitate deeper analysis and comprehensive solutions. Enhancing students’ environmental safety culture through modern interdisciplinary methodologies is increasingly essential.

This article explores the nature of global environmental challenges and provides an in-depth interpretation of the concepts of “ecology,” “security,” “culture,” and “environmental safety culture.” It also underscores the significance of examining the unique characteristics of environmental safety and conducting scientific investigations grounded in solid theoretical and methodological principles.

Ноанъанавий Экин Тури Бўлган Сабзавот Хризантемасининг Биокимёвий Таркиби

Асатов Шухрат Исматович — 2025-12-05

Ушбу мақолада Тошкент вилоятининг тупроқ - иқлим шароитида эртаги ва кечги муддатларда етиштирилган сабзавот хризантемаси навларини биокимёвий таркибини аниқлаш бўйича олиб борилган лабаротория ва дала тажрибаларининг натижалари баён этилган бўлиб, шунингдек ҳозирда халқимиз учун ноъананавий бўлган сабзавот хризантемасининг келиб чикиши, ер юзида тарқалиши ҳамда унинг озиқавий-дориворлик хусусиятлари тўғрисида ахборотлар берилган. Ўтказилган тажриба натижаларига кўра сабзавот хризантемаси таркибида темир элементи ва аминокислоталарни ажратиб олиш бўйича таҳлиллар ёритилган

Сабзавот Хризантемасини Эртаги Муддатда Етиштириш Технологияси

Шомирова Лобар Мирзохитовна — 2025-12-05

Ушбу маколада Тошкент вилоятининг тупроқ - иқлим шароитида эртаги муддатларда етиштирилган сабзавот хризантемасини етиштириш муддатларини аниқлаш буйича олиб борилган лабаротория ва дала тажрибаларининг натижалари баён этилган бўлиб, шунингдек ҳозирда халқимиз учун ноъананавий бўлган сабзавот хризантемасининг келиб чикиши, ер юзида тарқалиши ҳамда унинг озиқавий-дориворлик хусусиятлари тўғрисида ахборотлар берилган.

Exercises for Improving the Effectiveness of Future Interpreters

Khalilova Guzal Abdumattakhovna — 2025-12-05

This article examines various exercises and methodological techniques aimed at improving translators’ effectiveness. In particular, it highlights exercises that develop memory, the “shadowing” technique, training in simultaneous interpretation, and other cognitive, linguistic, and practical methods.

Prosaic Strophe as a Complex Syntactic Construction and its Semantic Features

Xamrayeva Zebiniso Xaydar qizi — 2025-12-05

The article examines the prosaic strophe as a complex syntactic construction and analyses its structural and semantic characteristics within English and Uzbek literary traditions. The study draws on classical rhetoric, Soviet and post-Soviet linguistic theories, and modern text linguistics to demonstrate that the strophe functions as a supra-sentential unit characterized by thematic unity, syntactic cohesion, and stylistic completeness. Through examples from Charles Dickens and Abdulla Qodiriy, the paper illustrates how introductory, developing, and concluding sentences jointly contribute to the internal organization of a strophe. Comparative analysis reveals that, while both English and Uzbek strophes rely on similar cohesion mechanisms and thematic development, they differ in stylistic embodiment: English prose tends to emphasize atmospheric subtlety and rhythmic narration, whereas Uzbek prose foregrounds emotional imagery, communal experience, and culturally embedded symbolism. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of supra-syntactic structures and highlight the importance of strophes in shaping textual coherence and authorial style.

Linguistic Features of the Speech Process and its Nominative Aspects

Suleymanova Nargiza Mardonovna — 2025-12-05

This article investigates with linguistic aspects of speech process and its nominative aspects, including all units of language and speech while taking into consideration of intersections. As their number of unlike viewpoints, the syntax of external speech is diverse from internal speech syntax, because the internal speech is for the speaker and external one is pointed at someone. Final outcomes and shortcoming of the research may lead to better investigation as whole.

Modernization of Chinese Literature in the Early 20th Century: Perspectives of Leo Ou-fan Lee, C.T.Hsia, and David Der-wei Wang

Ozodjon Mardievich Ochilov — 2025-12-06

This article analyzes the modernization of Chinese literature in the early 20th century, particularly the literary transformations that occurred in the context of the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the 1910s–1920s. The study highlights several key features of this period: the introduction of a new literary language based on baihua instead of wenyan, genre and stylistic innovations in poetry and prose, the emergence of the “literary self” (the active individual “I”), and the search for a new national literary identity formed through Western–Eastern cultural hybridity. The research focuses on the perspectives of three prominent scholars–Leo Ou-fan Lee, C.T.Hsia, and David Der-wei Wang. Lee interprets modernity as an “unfinished/in-progress” state and as a hybrid poetic experiment; Hsia argues that “total commitment to China” (an excessive prioritization of national trauma) may restrict artistic innovation; while Wang explains modernity as a multi-staged process and questions the absolutization of the May Fourth period as a historical “zero point.” The study concludes that although the May Fourth literary renewal represents a crucial turning point, it should be viewed as one phase within a much longer trajectory of Chinese literary modernization.

Comparative Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts in English and Uzbek Family Discourse

Nabiyeva Laylokhon Valisher kizi — 2025-12-06

This study investigates the pragmatic features of speech acts in English and Uzbek family discourse through a comparative lens. The research examines how key speech act categories—including requests, directives, suggestions, prohibitions, gratitude, and expressions of empathy—are realized within the micro-context of family communication in both linguistic communities. Attention is given to the influence of cultural norms, social hierarchy, kinship relations, and age-based expectations on the formulation and interpretation of speech acts. The analysis, based on naturally occurring discourse samples, reveals that English family interactions tend to prioritize individual autonomy, direct yet polite modal constructions, and symmetrical communication patterns. In contrast, Uzbek family discourse reflects collectivist values, hierarchical role distribution, higher reliance on indirectness, and culturally embedded honor–respect markers. The findings contribute to cross-cultural pragmatics, discourse studies, and the development of culturally informed language-teaching approaches

Some Remarks on the Historical Study of River Crossings in the Period of Amir Temur and the Timurids

Muydinov Doniyorjon — 2025-12-06

The article presents some reflections on the historiography of river routes and crossings during the era of Amir Temur and the Timurids. Based on historical analysis, the influence of crossings in the Timurid era on their political and socio-economic life is analyzed, and new scientific conclusions are presented. Brief information is provided on the activities of scholars who have studied the history of crossings during the Timurid era up to the present time.

The Philosophical Content of the Concept of Poverty Reduction’ and its Effectiveness in Building a Social State

Urinov Murodjon Jumanovich — 2025-12-06

This article analyzes the philosophical content of the concept of “poverty reduction,” its socio-legal interpretations, as well as its role and significance in the process of building a social state. The theoretical foundations of approaches aimed at reducing poverty, and their connection with human needs, social justice, equal opportunities, and well-being are examined from a philosophical perspective. The article studies the effectiveness of poverty reduction mechanisms in strengthening the concept of a social state in modern society, as well as their relationship with government policy, civil society, and economic reforms. In addition, the role of poverty reduction strategies in ensuring sustainable development and social stability is highlighted.

The Concept of Classical Music and its Philosophical Roots

Shokirov Tohirjon Nurmamatovich — 2025-12-06

This study analyzes the conceptual essence of classical music and its philosophical origins using a comprehensive scientific and methodological approach. The research problem is defined as identifying the theoretical factors that determine the epistemological, axiological, and aesthetic significance of classical music in the spiritual life of society. The methodological framework includes historical-typological analysis, a conceptual approach, and musical-philosophical hermeneutics, enabling an in-depth exploration of the ideological layers embedded in classical musical heritage. The key findings demonstrate how Eastern philosophy, Sufi thought, and ancient aesthetic principles manifest within the structure and meaning of the maqom tradition. The study substantiates the role of classical music as not only an artistic phenomenon but also a holistic philosophical and educational system. The analysis further reveals the intrinsic relationship between the historical development of musical thought and the human spiritual experience. The final conclusions present new scholarly insights into the leading role of philosophical ideas in shaping national musical cognition.

Принципы Работы Традиционных Методов Интерполяции Изображений

А.Х. Ахмедова — 2025-12-10

В статье рассматриваются принципы работы традиционных методов интерполяции изображений — билинейной, бикубической и Lanczos — и их ключевые недостатки при изменении размеров изображений.

Использование Игровых Технологий Для Развития Мышления Младших Школьников

Парпиева Зарина Шерзодовна — 2025-12-10

В статье раскрываются педагогические ресурсы игровых технологий в развитии мыслительных способностей учащихся младшего школьного возраста. Игра выступает естественной и важнейшей формой детской активности, обеспечивающей включение ребёнка в познавательный процесс. В условиях современной школы игровые методы рассматриваются не только как средство развлечения, но и как эффективный механизм формирования мыслительных операций. Автор анализирует теоретические положения, виды, способы применения игровых приёмов, а также их влияние на становление логического, аналитического и креативного мышления младших школьников.

Fairy Tales - Cultural Heritage and Undistinguishable Part of Literature

Ganiyeva Dilafruz — 2025-12-10

The term "story" cannot be distinguished or extracted from literature. Regardless of its many forms, literature is fundamentally a human story. Humans have been telling stories since the day we were born. Despite their longevity, every man and woman has a lot of stories inside of them; some are told, but the majority are kept hidden. For many children, stories ignite their imagination, which eventually turns into reality as they get older. Children enjoy fairy tales more than other types of stories. Even though fairy tales have endured over the years, children today still adore and fantasize about them. The origins of these fairy tales and a few other subjects have been the subject of additional research.

Linguacognitive Features of Homonyms in English and Uzbek Languages

Sabirova Nodira Maxmutovna — 2025-12-10

This research investigates the linguo-cognitive features of homonyms in English and Uzbek languages. The research focuses on how factors influence the understanding of homonyms and how cognitive processes help language users distinguish meanings based on situational context. Through a comparative linguistic analysis, the study reveals that homonymy is an important phenomenon reflecting both linguistic structure and cognitive mechanisms in human thinking.

Teaching Technology of Architectural and Construction Drawing Methods

Omonov Dilshod Esonovich — 2025-12-10

This article explores in detail the pedagogical technologies used in teaching architectural and construction drawing methods in higher and vocational education institutions. The study analyzes theoretical foundations, modern teaching approaches, traditional and digital tools, and the role of engineering graphics in shaping students’ professional competencies. Special emphasis is given to Computer-Aided Design (CAD), 3D modeling, project-based learning, and interactive educational technologies. The article also evaluates the effectiveness of innovative teaching methods in developing students’ spatial imagination, creativity, and technical accuracy. Recommendations for improving the quality of architectural education are provided.

Green Infrastructure as a Tool for Sustainable Development of the City of Bukhara

Azimova Makhfuza Rashidovna — 2025-12-10

This article addresses the challenges of global climate change and accelerated urbanization, which require nature-based solutions for sustainable urban development. Green infrastructure (GI) represents a system of interconnected green areas that serve climatic, ecological, social, and economic functions. This study explores the potential of GI in promoting the sustainable development of the historic city of Bukhara. Based on a qualitative analysis of scientific literature, international case studies, and local urban features, the strengths and weaknesses of the city's green system were identified. A SWOT analysis was conducted to determine the main barriers and opportunities for expanding GI. Comparative examples from international practice (Singapore, Copenhagen, New York) are presented, as well as a map of existing green zones in the city. Finally, the study offers recommendations for integrating GI into the strategic urban planning of Bukhara to enhance climate resilience, preserve the cultural landscape, and improve the quality of the urban environment.

Методологические Основы Совершенствования Преподавания Дисциплины «Материаловедение И Технологии Конструкционных Материалов» В Технических Вузах

Даулетов Калнияз Абатбаевич — 2025-12-10

В статье исследованы теоретико-методологические основы совершенствования преподавания дисциплины «Материаловедение и технологии конструкционных материалов» (МиТКМ) в технических вузах. Рассмотрены современные тенденции инженерного образования, проблемы и противоречия, снижающие эффективность реализации компетентностного подхода. Обоснована необходимость внедрения цифровых технологий, дуальных форм обучения и проектно-исследовательской деятельности студентов. На основе анализа отечественного и зарубежного опыта предложены методические направления модернизации преподавания дисциплины с учётом международных стандартов инженерной подготовки.

Effective Strategies for Managing Digital Education Development

Soatova Shokhista Abdumusayevna — 2025-12-10

This article examines the content of digital education, its importance, and effective strategies for managing the development of digital education.

Methods for Preventing Pedagogical Conflicts in Educational Institutions

Umarova Malika Khisabidinovna — 2025-12-10

This study explores effective methods for preventing pedagogical conflicts within educational institutions. Conflicts between teachers, students, and administrative staff can negatively impact the learning environment, reduce teaching effectiveness, and hinder institutional development. The research examines strategies for conflict prevention, including proactive communication, structured mediation, professional development programs, and the implementation of clear policies and protocols. Data were collected through surveys, interviews, and observation of classroom interactions across multiple schools. The findings highlight that systematic conflict prevention measures, including teacher training and participatory decision-making, significantly reduce the occurrence of disputes and improve overall school climate.

Оценка Финансовой Устoйчивoсти Хозяйствующего Субъекта

Камолова Феруза Кахрамоновна — 2025-12-10

В статье проанализировано влияние дебиторской и кредиторской задолженности на финансовую устойчивость предприятия на примере ООО «Real Tex Tashkent». Изучены изменения объёмов и структуры задолженности, а также рассчитаны основные показатели оборачиваемости и средние сроки её погашения. Показано, что ускорение оборачиваемости дебиторской задолженности положительно влияет на ликвидность предприятия, однако увеличение её удельного веса в текущих активах повышает уровень финансовых рисков. Снижение кредиторской задолженности и улучшение платёжной дисциплины указывают на укрепление финансовой позиции компании. Полученные выводы могут быть использованы при разработке эффективной политики управления оборотным капиталом.

Программируемая Гибель Клеток: Значение Апоптоза И Некроптоза В Развитии Опухолей, Нейродеструкции И Иммунопатологии

Улмасов Темуржон Шохдавлатович — 2025-12-10

Программируемая гибель клеток представляет собой важный физиологический процесс, играющий ключевую роль в поддержании гомеостаза, росте и развитии тканей и реагировании на стрессовые факторы. К основным формам программируемой гибели клеток относятся апоптоз и некроптоз. Апоптоз является метаболически активным процессом, который приводит к аккуратной и контролируемой гибели клеток без провоцирования воспалительной реакции. В отличие от него, некроптоз вызывает воспаление и повреждение окружающих тканей. В данной статье рассматриваются механизмы этих процессов и их значение в патогенезе опухолей, нейродеструкции и различных иммунопатологий.

DEVELOPMENT OF WORLDVIEW ON CULTURE

Z. Abjamiyev — 2025-12-13

The word "culture" originates from the Arabic word "madina" (city, town). The Arabs divided people's lifestyles into two categories: one called the desert or nomadic lifestyle, and the other the cultured lifestyle. They considered Bedouinism to belong to nomadic peoples living in the steppes and deserts, while culture was attributed to settled peoples living in cities.

Gnoseological Criteria of Scientific Truth: An Analysis in the Context of Epistemology and Scientific Methodology

Janabaev Jalgas — 2025-12-13

This paper analyzes the epistemological criteria of “scientific truth” in the process of knowledge acquisition. In the context of classical verification, falsification, logical consistency, empirical grounding, and modern methodological approaches, it offers a comparative overview of scientific truth criteria. The result shows that scientific truth is not determined by a single criterion but by a complex system of criteria that ensure the validity and reliability of knowledge in contemporary scientific practice.

Stages of Development and Future Strategies of Preschool Education in the New Uzbekistan

Erkinova Zarina Barotjon qizi — 2025-12-13

The system of preschool education in New Uzbekistan has undergone dynamic transformation over the past decade, reflecting nationwide reforms aimed at improving human capital and ensuring equal access to early childhood development. This study analyzes the main stages of preschool education development, beginning with the expansion of enrollment coverage, modernization of infrastructure, introduction of public–private partnership models, and implementation of updated state educational standards. Special attention is given to the transition from a traditional care-based model to a competency-based approach focused on cognitive, moral, social, and linguistic development. The research also highlights the digitalization of preschool education, teacher professional development programs, and the creation of inclusive learning environments. Based on current achievements, the paper outlines future strategic priorities, including strengthening pedagogical innovation, enhancing quality assurance mechanisms, expanding early childhood services in rural areas, and integrating STEAM and digital literacy programs into preschool curricula. The findings emphasize that sustained investment, evidence-based policy, and community engagement will play a key role in shaping a modern and globally competitive preschool education system in New Uzbekistan.