Legal Protection of Trademarks Against Unfair Competition: A Comparative International Analysis

Abstract

This article investigates the legal mechanisms for protecting trademarks against unfair competition under both national and international law. While trademarks function as indicators of origin and commercial reputation, they are increasingly threatened by various forms of unfair practices such as counterfeiting, parasitic copying, and misleading advertising. The article provides a comparative analysis of key jurisdictions—such as the European Union, United States, China, and Uzbekistan—along with the role of international instruments like the Paris Convention, TRIPS Agreement, and WIPO-administered treaties. Drawing from case law and legislative texts, this research critically examines enforcement challenges, recent trends in digital commerce, and the harmonization of legal norms. The conclusion outlines recommendations for improving the consistency and effectiveness of trademark protection in the global market.