Urinary Tract Infections: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, affecting approximately 150 million people annually. The clinical and economic burden of these infections remains substantial, with treatment costs in the United States estimated at 3.5 billion USD in the year 2000. Uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections (ULUTIs) predominantly affect healthy individuals without structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract. The principal etiologic agent is Escherichia coli, although other uropathogens may be involved. This paper reviews the epidemiology, etiological factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and preventive strategies associated with UTIs.