Modern Aspects of the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, And Treatment of Urolithiasis

Abstract

Urolithiasis (urinary stone disease) remains a significant and increasing global health issue. Recent advances in our understanding of stone formation mechanisms, diagnostic imaging and biochemical tools, as well as minimally-invasive and pharmacological treatments, permit more personalised and effective management. This article reviews modern aspects of the pathogenesis (including metabolic, genetic and environmental factors), diagnosis (laboratory, imaging and risk stratification) and treatment (conservative, pharmacological, endourological) of urolithiasis. Emphasis is placed on the integration of metabolic assessment, preventive strategies, and the evolving role of precision medicine.